NOKIA A,N,R,I 30 სექტ 2013, 15:33 Nokia pre–telekomunikaciebis era: Tanamedrove Nokia–s winamorbedi kompaniebi iyvnen Nokia (Nokia Aktiebolag)(celuloza–qaRaldis warmoebaze orientirebuli), Finnish Rubber Works Ltd (Suomen Gummitehdas Oy)(rezinis nawarmze orientirebuli) da Finnish Cable Works Ltd (Suomen Kaapelitehdas Oy)(naxevargamtarebze orientirebuli). Nokia–s istoria 1865 wels daiwyo, rodesac samTo inJinerma fredrik idestamma samxreT–dasavleT fineTSi, qalaq tampereSi, tamerkoskis (Tammerkoski ) Cqerobis napirze daaarsa merqan–celulozis safqvav–gadamamuSavebeli fabrika da daiwyo qaRaldis warmoeba. 1868 wels, idestamma meore sawarmo aaSena tamperedan dasavleTiT TxuTmet kilometrSi (cxra mili) patara qalaq Nokia–s axlos, hidroeleqtroenergiis saukeTeso resursebis mqone mdinare – nokianvirtas (Nokianvirta) napirze. 1871 wels, idestamma, axlo megobrisa da saxelmwifo moxelis – leo meCelinis daxmarebiT, Tavis firmas saxeli gadaarqva da saaqcionero sazogadoebad gadaakeTa, ase daarsda kompania Nokia, romelic dRemde am saxeliTaa cnobili. qalaqs, saxeli – Nokia, masze gamavali mdinaris gamo ewoda. TviT mdinaris saxelwodeba – nokianvirta (Nokianvirta) ki im patara, Sav–bewviani cxovelis aRmniSvneli Zveli finuri sityvidanaa warmoSobili, romelic mdinare nokianvirtas sanapiroebze binadrobda. Tanamedrove finurze, noki murs–Wvartls niSnavs, nokia – ki mravlobiTis formaa, Tumca sityvis es forma iSviaTad Tu odesme ixmareba. Zveli sityva – nois (mravl. nokia) anda nokinäätä ("Savi kverna") ewodeboda siasamurs. mas mere, rac siasamuri, intensiuri nadirobis Sedegad amowyda fineTSi, am sityviT zogierT Savbewvian kvernisebrsac aRniSnavdnen, magaliTad, fiWvis kverna, romelic dResac binadrobs im midamoebSi. me–19 saukunis miwuruls, eleqtroobis sferoSi biznesis gafarToebis meCeliniseul survils Tavidan, idestamma SeuSala xeli. Tumca, 1896 wels, kompaniis mmarTvelobidan idestamis gadadgomam meCelins xeli Seuwyo gamxdariyo kompaniis Tavmjdomare (1898–dan 1914–mde), rac SeiZleba meti aqcioneri daerwmunebina Tavis gegmebSi da amiT Tavisi xedvis realizeba moexdina. 1902 wels Nokia–s biznes – saqmianobas eleqtrowarmoebac daemata. industriuli konglomerati (mravalprofiliani gaerTianeba): 1898–Si eduard polonma daaarsa kaloSebisa da rezinis sxva nakeTobaTa mwarmoebeli Finnish Rubber Works–i, romelic mogvianebiT Nokia–s rezinis biznes – sakuTreba gaxda. me–20 saukunis dasawyisSi, Finnish Rubber Works–is qarxnebi ganTavsebuli iyo patara qalaq Nokia–s maxloblad da produqciis samarko dasaxelebad – Nokia–s iyenebda. 1912–Si, arvid vikstremma daaarsa Finnish Cable Works–i, romelic satelefono, satelegrafo da eleqtro kabelebs awarmoebda, rac qmnida Nokia–sa da sxva eleqtronuli firmebis sakabelo fonds. 1910–iani wlebis bolos, pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg, kompania Nokia gakotrebis piras aRmoCnda. Nokia–s generatorebidan eleqtroenergiis Seferxebis gareSe miwodebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, Finnish Rubber Works–ma SeiZina gadaxdisuunaro kompaniis biznesi. 1922–Si, Finnish Rubber Works–ma Seisyida Finnish Cable Works–i. 1937–Si, verner vekmani, moWidave (berZnul–romaul Wid.saxeobaSi) – fineTis pirveli olimpiuri oqrosmedalosani, Finnish Cable Works–is prezidenti gaxda, 16 wliani teqnikur direqtorad muSaobis gamocdilebiT. II msoflio omis Semdeg, Finnish Cable Works–i kabelebiT amaragebda sabWoTa kavSirs, fineTis wili samxedro reparaciis (omiT miy. zaralis anazRaureba) saxiT. ramac, kompaniis samomavlo savaWro urTierTobebs kargi safuZveli Cauyara. 1922 wlidan erToblivad moqmedi es sami kompania, 1967 wels erT industriul konglomerat – Nokia Corporation–Si gaerTiada da amiT gza gauxsna Nokia–s, momavalSi globalur korporaciad Camoyalibebas. axali kompania warmoebis mraval sferoSi Caeba, sxvadasxva dros awarmoebda ra qaRaldis produqtebs, manqanisa da velosipedis saburavebs, fexsacmels (maT Soris rezinis botebs), sakomunikacio kabelebs, televizorebs da sxva sayofacxovrebo eleqtroteqnikas, personalur kompiuterebs, eleqtrogeneraciis manqanebs, robot–teqnikas, kondensatorebs, samxedro sakomunikacio saSualebebsa da aRWurvilobebs (rogoricaa, mowyobiloba SANLA M/90 da M61 airsawinaaRmdego niRabi fineTis armiisTvis), plastmass, aluminsa da qimiur preparatebs. yovel biznes erTeuls Tavisi direqtori edga saTaveSi, romlebic angariSvaldebulebi iyvnen Nokia Corporation–is pirveli prezidentis – bern vesterlundis mimarT. jer kidev Finnish Cable Works–is prezidentis rangSi yofnis droindeli misi damsaxurebaa, 1960 wels kompaniaSi eleqtronikis pirveli departamentis daarseba, riTac telekomunikaciis sferoSi Nokia–s momavals Cauyara safuZveli. sabolood, 1990–ian wlebSi kompaniam gadawyvita ukana planze gadaewia sayofacxovrebo eleqtronikis warmoeba da fokusirebuliyo mxolod telekomunikaciebis swrafmzard segmentze. saburavebis mwarmoebeli Nokian Tyres–i (nokias saburavebi) gamoeyo Nokia Corporation–s sakuTari kompaniis Camoyalibebis mizniT 1988 wels da ori wlis Semdeg rezinis botebis mwarmoebeli Nokian Footwear–i daarsa. 1990–ianebis danarCen wlebSi, Nokia cdilobda Tavidan moecilebina Tavisi yvela arasatelekomunikacio biznesi. telekomunikaciebis era: Nokia–s am saxiT mimdinare aRorZinebas safuZveli Cauyara 1960 wels kabelebis ganyofilebaSi eleqtronikis seqciis daarsebam da 1962 wels gamoSvebulma pirvelma eleqtronulma produqciam: impulsebis analizatori, atomur eleqtrosadgurebSi gamosayeneblad. 1967 wels, es seqcia gamoiyo sakuTriv damoukidebel ganyofilebad da daiwyo satelekomunikacio mowyobilobebis warmoeba. qseluri aparatura: 1970–ian wlebSi Nokia ufro aqtiurad Caeba satelekomunikacio industriaSi, Seqmna ra Nokia DX 200 – cifruli gadamrTveli satelefono sadgurebisTvis. 1982 wels, Nokia DX 200 gaxda satelefono sadgurebis msoflioSi pirveli makontrolebeli mikroprocesori da pirveli mTlianad cifruli komutatori, romelic evropam momsaxurebaSi danerga. DX 200 gaxda qseluri aparaturis sferos "muSa nawili". moduluruli da moqnili konstruqciis wyalobiT, misi gamoyeneba sxvadasxvagvar gadamrTvel–sakomutacio produqtSi iyo SesaZlebeli. 1984–Si, daiwyo versiis Seqmna Nordic Mobile Telephony–is (skandinaviuri qveynebis mobiluri satelefono qseli) avtomaturi satelefono sadgurebisaTvis (e АТС–i). 1970–ianebis raRac periodSi, Nokia–s qseluri aparaturis produqcia Sevida kompania Telefenno–s gankargulebaSi, romelic erToblivad ekuTvnoda rogorc deda korporacias, aseve fineTis saxelmwifodaqvemdebarebaSi myof kompanias. 1987 wels saxelmwifom gayida Tavisi wili Nokia–s aqciebi da 1992 –Si saxelwodebac iqna Secvlili – Nokia Telecommunications–ad (nokias telekomunikaciebi). 1970–ianebsa da 1980–ianebSi, Nokia ganaviTarebda – Sanomalaitejärjestelmä–s (finuridan – "mesij–uwyebaTa sistemis aparatura"), cifrul, portatul da sakomunikacio aparaturas daSifruli teqsturi interfeisiT, fineTis samxedro ZalebisaTvis. dResac, TavdacvaSi ZiriTadad gamoyenebuli komponenti aris – Sanomalaite M/90 (SANLA M/90). --------------- A,N,R,I 30 სექტ 2013, 15:34 Tanamedrove mobiluri satelefono sistemebis winamorbedi teqnologiebi gamoirCeodnen mravalferovnebiT "0G"– mde – mobiluri qselis radio–satelefono kavSiris standarti. 1960 wlidan Nokia awarmoebda komerciul da zogierT samxedro radio–mobiluri satelekomunikacio teqnologiis produqcias, Tumca kompaniis es nawili gaiyida cota xniT adre, vidre mogvianebiT moxdeboda kompaniis modernizacia.1964–dan moyolebuli, Nokia–m Seqmna VHF (Semokl.– Zalian maRali sixSire) radio, Salora Oy –sTan erTad. 1966–Si, Nokia–m da Salora–m daiwyes ARP standartis (romlis mxardaWerac aqvs Autoradiopuhelin–s(avtomanq.radiomimRebi), sxvagvarad – avtomanqanis inglisurenovan telefons) Seqmna, romelsac daefuZna avtomanqanis mobiluri radio–telefonebis sistema da pirveli komerciuli, saxalxo mobiluri telefonebis operatiuli qseli fineTSi. rac online–reJimiT amoqmedda1971–Si da 100% –iani dafarvis zRvars 1978–Si miaRwia. 1979–Si, Nokia–sa da Salora–s SerwymiT daarsda Mobira Oy (finuridan – saaqc. sazog. Mobira). Mobira Seudga mobiluri telefonebis damzadebas NMT–s (skandinaviis mobiluri telefonebi) qselis standartisaTvis, es iyo pirveli Taoba, pirveli mTlianad avtomatizirebuli mobiluri telefonebis sistema, romelic online–reJimSi 1981–Si gaiSva. 1982–Si, Mobira–m waradgina Tavisi pirveli saavtomobilo telefoni – Mobira Senator–i NMT-450 qselisaTvis. 1984 wels, Nokia–m Seisyida Salora Oy da amJamad flobs ra kompaniis 100%–s, telekomunikaciis ganxriT momuSave ukve Tavis am kompanias saxeli Seucvala da daarqva – Nokia-Mobira Oy. 1984 wels gaSvebuli Mobira Talkman–i – msoflioSi erT–erTi pirveli transportabeluri telefoni iyo. 1987–Si, Nokia–m waradgina msoflioSi erT–erTi pirveli handheld (xelis–portatuli) telefoni – Mobira Cityman 900 NMT-900–is qselisaTvis (romelic NMT-450 qselTan SedarebiT, ukeTesi signaliT gamoirCeoda, Tumca rumi isev mcire hqonda). maSin, roca 1982 wlis Mobira Senator–i iwonida 9,8 kg.–s (22 funti) da Talkman–i odnav cotas – 5 kg.–s (11 funti), Mobira Cityman–i akumulatorianad mxolod 800 g.–i (28 uncia) iyo da 24,000 finuri marka (daaxloebiT 4,560 €) Rirda. maRali fasis miuxedavad, gamyidvelebs pirveli telefonebi lamis xelidan dastaces. mobiluri telefoni Tavidanve "yuppie" (termin.– warmatebuli adamiani...) produqtad da statusis simbolod miiCneoda. Nokia–s mobiluri telefonebis popularoba Zalian gaizarda 1987 wels, roca sajarod gavrcelda suraTebi, romlebzedac aRbeWdili sabWoTa lideri mixeil gorbaCovi Mobira Cityman–iT ukavSirdeboda helsinkidan moskovSi Tavis kavSirgambulobis ministrs. ris gamoc am telefons zedmetsaxelad "gorba" Searqves. 1988–Si, iorma nieminenma, mobiluri telefonebis sferoSi aRmasrulebeli direqtoris postidan wasvlis Semdeg, Tavisi ganyofilebis or TanamSromelTan erTad, daaarsa cnobili sakuTari mobiluri telefonebis kompania – Benefon Oy–i (SemdegSi – GeoSentric–i). erTi wlis Semdeg, Nokia-Mobira Oy–i gaxda Nokia Mobile Phones–i(nokias mobiluri telefonebi). --------------- A,N,R,I 30 სექტ 2013, 15:34 GSM–Si CarTva: Nokia erT–erTi mTavari Semqmnelia GSM–is (globaluri sistema mobiluri komunikaciisaTvis), meore Taobis mobiluri telefonebis teqnologia, romelsac erTnairad SeeZlo rogorc cifruli informaciis, aseve xmovani Setyobinebis gadacema. NMT (skandinaviis mobiluri telefonebi), msoflioSi pirveli mobiluri satelefono standartia, romelic dauSves saerTaSoriso roumingSi, rac ganapiroba Nokia–s GSM–is SeqmnaSi mWidro monawileobiT miRebulma mniSvnelovanma gamocdilebam. 1987–Si GSM–i miRebuli iqna, rogorc axali evropuli standarti cifruli mobiluri teqnologiebisaTvis. Nokia–m Tavisi pirveli GSM qseli 1989–Si finur operator Radiolinja–s miawoda (mihyida 50 mln. dolarad). msoflioSi pirveli komerciuli GSM zari ganxorcielda 1991 wlis 1ivliss helsinkSi, fineTSi, Nokia-s mier miwodebuli qseliT, fineTis maSindeli premier–ministris hari holkeris mier, Nokia–s GSM telefonis prototipiT. 1992–Si, pirveli GSM telefoni – Nokia 1011 gamovida. modelis nomeri misi gamoSvebis TariRze miuTiTebs – 10 noemberi. Nokia 1011–Si jer kidev ar iyo gamoyenebuli Nokia–sTvis damaxasiaTebeli ringtone (zaris melodia), Nokia–s melodia. igi zaris melodiad SemoiRes 1994–Si Nokia 2100 seriidan. GSM–is maRalxarisxovani xmovani zarebi, ioli saerTaSoriso roumingi da axali momsaxurebis mxardaWera, mag. rogoricaa teqsturi Setyobinebebis gadacema (SMS), msoflioSi mobiluri telefonebis gamoyenebis bumis safuZveli gaxda. 1990–ianebSi, msoflio mobilur – satelefono kavSirebs Soris daiwyo GSM–is dominireba, 2008 wlis SuisaTvis, igi msoflio maStabiT, mobiluri kavSiris daaxloebiT sam miliard abonents iTvlida, 700–ze meti mobiluri kavSiris operatoriT 218 qveyanasa da teritoriaze. axali CarTvebis damatebis Semdegi sixSiriT: 15 erTeuli – 1 wamSi, sxvagvarad, 1,3 milioni – 1 dReSi. --------------- A,N,R,I 30 სექტ 2013, 15:34 zrda–ganviTarebisgan gamowveuli problemebi: 1980–ianebSi, kari kairamos generaluri direqtorobis dros, Nokia gafarTovda axal sferoebSi, ZiriTadad SesyidvebiT. 1980–ianebis bolos da 1990–ianebis dasawyisSi, korporacia seriozuli finansuri problemebis winaSe aRmoCnda, romlis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo mZime danakargebi televizorebis warmoebis nawilSi da zedmetad urTierTgansxvavebul biznes–sferoebze modeba. es problemebi, da rogorc eWvoben – sruli gamofitva(adamianuri Zalebisgan – ,,gadawva“), savaraudod, gaxda kairamos TviTmkvlelobis mizezi 1988 wels. kairamos gardacvalebis Semdeg, Nokia–s Tavmjdomare da aRmasrulebeli direqtori gaxda simo vuorilehto. 1990–1993 wlebSi, fineTma seriozuli ekonomikuri krizisi ganicada, romelmac Nokia–sac daartya. vuorilehtos xelmZRvanelobiT, Nokia mniSvnelovnad gardaiqmna (,,garemontda“). kompaniam krizisis sapasuxod moaxdina satelekomunikacio danayofis optimizacia (gamartiveba), da Tavidan Camoicila teeleviziisa da PC (personaluri komp.) danayofebi. SesaZloa, yvelaze mniSvnelovani strategiuli cvlileba Nokia–s istoriaSi 1992–Si ganxorcielda, maSin, roca axalma generalurma direqtorma iorma ollilam miiRo mniSvnelovani strategiuli gadawvetileba – koncentrireba moexdinaT mxolod telekomunikaciebze. amgvarad, 1990–iani wlebis danarCen periodSi, rezinis, kabelebis da sayofacxovrebo eleqtronikis danayofebi TandaTan gaiyida, ramdenadac Nokia ganagrZobda yvela arasatelekomunikacio biznesis Tavidan Camocilebas. ukve 1991 wels, Nokia–s saqonelbrunvis meoTxedze meti, kvlav, fineTis bazarze gayidvebs ekava. Tumca, 1992–is strategiuli cvlilebis Semdeg, Zalian moimata Nokia–s gayidvebma CrdiloeT amerikaSi, samxreT amerikasa da aziaSi. msoflioSi mobiluri telefonebis popularobis warmoudgenelma zrdam, rac Nokia–s yvelaze optim --------------- A,N,R,I 30 სექტ 2013, 15:35 ZiriTadi etapebi da relizebi: 2000 wlis 5 maiss, ungreTis qalaq komaromSi, Nokia–m gaxsna mobiluri telefonebis sawarmo. 2007 wlis martSi, Nokia–m xeli moawera memorandums rumineTis qalaq kluJis sabWosTan erTad, qalaqis Soriaxlos, Jucu–s komunaSi sawarmos gaxsnis Taobaze. qalaq boxumidan (germania) warmoebis gadatanam ufro dabalanazRaurebadi muSaxelis qveyanaSi, germanelebis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. 2007 wlis maisSi, Nokia–m ganacxada, rom 2003 wlis mobiluri telefoni Nokia 1100, 200 milionze meti gaSvebuli erTeuliT, iyo yvela drois, yvelaze ufro gayidvadi mobiluri telefoni da msoflioSi top–gayidvadi samomxmareblo eleqtroproduqcia. 2007 wlis noemberSi, Nokia–m gamouSva Nokia N82, Tavisi pirveli (da dReisTvisac erTaderTi) N seriis telefoni qsenonis elva–naTebiT. 2007 wlis dekemberSi, Nokia World konferenciaze, Nokia–m ganacxada "Comes With Music" (,,mgzavroba musikiT“) programa: Nokia–s aparatebis myidvelTaTvis wlis ganmavlobaSi xelmisawvdomi ufaso musikaluri CatvirTvebi. es servisi komerciulad xelmisawvdomi gaxda 2008 wlis meore naxevarSi. 2008 wlis aprilSi, Nokia–m sazogadoebasTan kontaqtis axali gzebis Zieba daiwyo, sTxovda ra "auditorias" gamoeyenebinaT TavianTi SemoqmedebiTi potenciali da mobiluri aparatebi kompania Nokia–s produqciis Sesaqmnelad – monawileoba mieRoT gadaRebebSi, scenebSi, redaqtirebasa da erToblivi filmis gamoSvebaSi. Nokia Productions–i iyo kinowarmobis yvelaze pirveli mobiluri kinoproeqti, mas spaik li xelmZRvanelobda. es iyo saerTo scenaris mixedviT TandaTan damuSavebadi, erToblivi eqsperimenti gadaWimuli sazRvrebsa da perspeqtivebze. 2008 wlis oqtomberSi filmis premiera gaimarTeba. 2008–Si, Nokia–m gamouSva Nokia E71, mas pirdapiri konkurencia unda gaewia BlackBerry–is aparatebisaTvis, romlebic ufro srulyofil klaviat --------------- A,N,R,I 30 სექტ 2013, 15:35 Sesyidvebi: 2003 wlis 22 seqtembers, Nokia–m SeiZina Sega.com–i, Sega–s filiali, romelmac mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana Nokia N-Gage(signal.mimReb–gadamcemi) mowyobilobis SeqmnaSi. 2005 wlis 16 noembers, Nokia–m da korporacia Intellisync–mma – monacemTa da PIM sinqronizaciis programuli uzrunvelyofis momwodebeli, xeli moaweres Nokia–saTvis mniSvnelovan xelSekrulebas, mis mier Intellisync–is SeZenis Taobaze. Nokia–m Sesyidvis procesi 2006 wlis 10 Tebervals daasrula. 2006 wlis 19 ivliss, Nokia–m da Siemens AG–m ganacxades Serwymis Sesaxeb, gaarTianes ra Tav–TavianT mobilurebisa da xazis telefonebis qseluri saqmianoba, daaarses msoflioSi erT–erTi udidesi qseluri firma –Nokia Siemens Networks–i. masSi TiToeuli kompaniis wili 50%–ia, saTao ofisi mdebareobs espoSi, fineTi. kompaniis gaTvlebiT, 2010–isaTvis wliuri gayidvebi iqneba –16 miliardi €, danaxarjebis ekonomia ki –1,5 miliardi €–s odenobiT. daaxloebiT 20,000 Nokia–s TanamSromeli gadaeca am axal kompanias. 2006 wlis 8 agvistos, Nokia–m da Loudeye Corp.–m ganacxades, rom xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas, romlis mixedviTac Nokia–m daaxloebiT 60 milion US $ dolarad SeiZina onlain musikis distributori Loudeye Corporation–i. kompania onlain–musikis servisis ganviTarebiT imedovnebs, rom gazrdis mobiluri telefonebis gayidvaTa ricxvs. momsaxureba CarTulia 2007 wlis 29 agvistodan da gamiznulia iTunes–ze konkurenciis gasawevad. Nokia–m Sesyidva daasrula 2006 wlis 16 oqtombers. 2007 wlis ivlisSi, Nokia–m Twango–s yvela aqtivi SeiZina, yovelmxrivi media–gadawyvetaTa(SesaZleblobebis) nakrebi, raTa gaeumjobesebina fotoebTan, videoebTan da sxva personalur media–informaciasTan muSaobisa da urTierTgadacemis procesi. 2007 wlis seqtemberSi, Nokia–m ganacxada survili – Seesyida Enpocket–i, mobiluri ---------------